"But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it... that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth."
- Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address 1863
- Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address 1863
PERIOD 5: 1844-1877
Creating and Preserving a Continental Nation
As the nation expanded and its population grew, regional tensions, especially over slavery, led to a civil war—the course and aftermath of which transformed American society.
Key Concept 5.1: The United States became more connected with the world, pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere, and emerged as the destination for many migrants from other countries.
Key Concept 5.2: Intensified by expansion and deepening regional divisions, debates over slavery and other economic, cultural, and political issues led the nation into civil war.
Key Concept 5.3: The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession, but left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rights.
- Popular enthusiasm for U.S. expansion, bolstered by economic and security interests, resulted in the acquisition of new territories, substantial migration westward, and new overseas initiatives.
- In the 1840s and 1850s, Americans continued to debate questions about rights and citizenship for various groups of U.S. inhabitants.
Key Concept 5.2: Intensified by expansion and deepening regional divisions, debates over slavery and other economic, cultural, and political issues led the nation into civil war.
- Ideological and economic differences over slavery produced an array of diverging responses from Americans in the North and the South.
- Debates over slavery came to dominate political discussion in the 1850s, culminating in the bitter election of 1860 and the secession of Southern states.
Key Concept 5.3: The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession, but left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rights.
- The North’s greater manpower and industrial resources, the leadership of Abraham Lincoln and others, and the decision to emancipate slaves eventually led to the Union military victory over the Confederacy in the devastating Civil War.
- Reconstruction and the Civil War ended slavery, altered relationships between the states and the federal government, and led to debates over new definitions of citizenship, particularly regarding the rights of African Americans, women, and other minorities.
Chapter 13: Expansion, War, and Sectional Crisis (1844-1860)
Aim: How does expansion lead to conflict?
"Away, away with all these cobweb issues of the rights of discovery, exploration, settlement,…(The American claim) is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to posses the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty."
-John L. O’Sullivan, Democratic Review, 1845
-John L. O’Sullivan, Democratic Review, 1845
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Chapter 14: Two Societies at War
Aim: How does Civil War effect the Union?
"It is enough to make the whole world start to see awful amount of death and destruction that now stalks abroad. Daily for the past two months has the work progressed and I see no signs of a remission till one or both the armies are destroyed… I begin to regard the death and mangling of a couple of thousand men as a small affair, a kind of morning dash-and it may be well that we become so hardened."
-General William T. Sherman, June 30, 1864
-General William T. Sherman, June 30, 1864
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Civil War Battles
Aim: What are the key Civil War battles?
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Chapter 15: Reconstruction (1865-1877)
Aim: How does the nation start to rebuild?
"Though slavery was abolished, the wrongs of my people were not ended. Though they were not slaves, they were not yet quite free. No man can be truly free whose liberty is dependent upon the thought, feeling and action of others and who has no means in his own hands for guarding, protecting, defending, and maintaining his liberty."
-Frederick Douglas, 1882
-Frederick Douglas, 1882
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